Thursday, August 27, 2020

Slope of a Line : Exercise (1.2) - Solution

Ph แ€™ျแ€€်แ€”ှာแ€•ြแ€„်แ€ွแ€„် แ€…ာแ€™ျားแ€กแ€•ြแ€Š့် แ€™แ€•ေါ်แ€œျှแ€„် slider แ€€ို แ€†ွဲ၍ แ€œแ€Š်းแ€€ောแ€„်း၊ ph แ€€ို แ€กแ€œျားแ€œိုแ€€်แ€•ုံแ€…ံ (landscape position) แ€•ြောแ€„်း၍ แ€œแ€Š်းแ€€ောแ€„်း แ€–แ€်แ€›ှုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။

1.          Complete each sentence.

$\text{(a)}\quad$ The slope of the line passing through two points $(-6, 0)$ and $(2, 3)$ is __________.

$\text{(b)}\quad$ The slope of the line joining the point $(1, 2)$ and the origin is __________.

$\text{(c)}\quad$ A vertical line has __________ slope.

$\text{(d)}\quad$ A horizontal line has __________ slope .


Show/Hide Solution

(a) $m=\displaystyle\frac{3-0}{2-(-6)}=\displaystyle\frac{3}{8}$

(b) $m=\displaystyle\frac{2-0}{1-0}=2$

(c) undefined

(d) zero


2.          For each graph state whether the slope is positive, negative, zero or undefined, then find the slope if possible.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

Show/Hide Solution

(a) undefined slope

(b) undefined slope

(c) zero slope

(d) zero slope

(e) positive slope, $m=1$

(f) positive slope, $m=\displaystyle\frac{2}{3}$

(g) negative slope, $m=-\displaystyle\frac{3}{4}$

(h) negative slope, $m=-\displaystyle\frac{2}{3}$


3.          Which pairs of points given below will determine horizontal lines? Which ones vertical lines? Determine the slope of each line without calculation.

$\displaystyle \begin{array}{l} \text{(a)}\quad (5,2)\ \text{and}\ (-3,2) \\\\ \text{(b)}\quad (0,5)\ \text{and}\ (-1,5)\\\\ \text{(c)}\quad (2,3)\ \text{and}\ (2,6) \\\\ \text{(d)}\quad (0,0)\ \text{and}\ (0,-2)\\\\ \text{(e)}\quad (1,-2)\ \text{and}\ (-3,-2)\\\\ \text{(f)}\quad (a,b)\ \text{and}\ (a,c) \end{array}$

Show/Hide Solution

(a) horizontal line, slope = 0 ($\because$ same y-coordinate)

(b) horizontal line, slope = 0 ($\because$ same y-coordinate)

(c) vertical line, slope = undefined ($\because$ same x-coordinate)

(d) vertical line, slope = undefined ($\because$ same x-coordinate)

(e) horizontal line, slope = 0 ($\because$ same y-coordinate)

(f) vertical line, slope = undefined ($\because$ same x-coordinate)


4.          Find the slope of each line which contains each pair of points listed below.

$ \displaystyle \begin{array}{l} \text{(a) }\quad A(0,0)\ \text{ and }\ B(8,4)\\\\ \text{(b) }\quad C(10,5)\ \text{ and }\ D(6,8)\\\\ \text{(c) }\quad E(-5,7)\ \text{ and }\ F(-2,-4)\\\\ \text{(d) }\quad G(23,15)\ \text{ and }\ H(18,5)\\\\ \text{(e) }\quad I(-2,0)\ \text{and }\ J(0,\ 6)\\\\ \text{(f) }\quad K(15,6)\ \text{ and }\ L(-2,23) \end{array}$

Show/Hide Solution

The slope of the line joining the points $(x_1, y_1)$ and $(x_2, y_2)$ is $m=\displaystyle\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}.$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(a)}\quad m_{AB}&=\displaystyle\frac{4-0}{8-0}\\\\ &= \displaystyle\frac{1}{2} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(b)}\quad m_{CD}&=\displaystyle\frac{8-5}{6-10}\\\\ &= -\displaystyle\frac{3}{4} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(c)}\quad m_{EF}&=\displaystyle\frac{-4-7}{-2-(-5)}\\\\ &= -\displaystyle\frac{11}{3} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(d)}\quad m_{GH}&=\displaystyle\frac{5-15}{18-23}\\\\ &= \displaystyle\frac{-10}{-5}\\\\ &=2 \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(f)}\quad m_{IJ}&=\displaystyle\frac{6-0}{0-(-2)}\\\\ &= \displaystyle\frac{6}{2}\\\\ &=3 \end{aligned}$ $\begin{aligned} \text{(f)}\quad m_{KL}&=\displaystyle\frac{23-6}{-2-15}\\\\ &= \displaystyle\frac{17}{-17}\\\\ &=-1 \end{aligned}$

5.          Find the slope of each line which contains each pair of points listed below.

$ \displaystyle \begin{array}{l} \text{(a) }\quad E\left( {\displaystyle\frac{3}{4},\frac{4}{5}\text{ }} \right)\ \text{and }\ F\left( {-\displaystyle\frac{1}{2},\frac{7}{5}} \right)\\\\ \text{(b) }\quad G(-a,b)\ \text{ and }\ H(3a,2b)\\\\ \text{(c) }\quad L\left( {\sqrt{{12}},\sqrt{{18}}} \right)\ \text{ and }\ M\left( {\sqrt{{27}},\sqrt{8}} \right)\\\\ \text{(d) }\quad P(0,a)\ \text{ and }\ Q(a,0) \end{array}$

Show/Hide Solution

The slope of the line joining the points $(x_1, y_1)$ and $(x_2, y_2)$ is $m=\displaystyle\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}.$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(a)}\quad m_{EF}&=\displaystyle\frac{\frac{7}{5}-\frac{4}{5}}{-\frac{1}{2}-\frac{3}{4}}\\\\ &= \displaystyle\frac{\frac{3}{5}}{-\frac{5}{4}}\\\\ &= -\displaystyle\frac{12}{25} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(b)}\quad m_{CD}&=\displaystyle\frac{2b-b}{3a-(-a)}\\\\ &= \displaystyle\frac{b}{4a} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(c)}\quad m_{EF}&=\displaystyle\frac{\sqrt{8}-\sqrt{18}}{\sqrt{27}-\sqrt{12}}\\\\ &= \displaystyle\frac{2\sqrt{2}-3\sqrt{2}}{3\sqrt{3}-2\sqrt{3}}\\\\ &= \displaystyle\frac{-\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{3}}\\\\ &= -\displaystyle\frac{\sqrt{6}}{3} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(d)}\quad m_{GH}&=\displaystyle\frac{0-a}{a-0}\\\\ &= \displaystyle\frac{-a}{a}\\\\ &=-1 \end{aligned}$


6.          Find $p, q, r$ in the followings:

$\text{(a) }\quad$ The slope joining the points $(0,3)$ and $(1,p)$ is $5$.

$\text{(b) }\quad$ The slope joining the points $(-2, q)$ and $(0,1)$ is $-1$.

$\text{(c) }\quad$ The slope joining the points $(-4, -2)$ and $(r, -6)$ is $-6$.

Show/Hide Solution

The slope of the line joining the points $(x_1, y_1)$ and $(x_2, y_2)$ is $m=\displaystyle\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}.$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(a)}\quad \displaystyle\frac{p-3}{1-0}&=5\\\\ p-3 &= 5\\\\ p &= 8 \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(b)}\quad \displaystyle\frac{1-q}{0-(-2)}&=-1\\\\ \displaystyle\frac{1-q}{2}&=-1\\\\ 1-q&=-2\\\\ q & = 3 \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \text{(c)}\quad \displaystyle\frac{-6-(-2)}{r-(-4)}&=-6\\\\ \displaystyle\frac{-4}{r+4}&=-6\\\\ r+4&=\displaystyle\frac{-4}{-6}\\\\ r+4&=\displaystyle\frac{2}{3}\\\\ r&=-\displaystyle\frac{10}{3} \end{aligned}$


7.          Find the slope corresponding to the following events.

$\text{(a) }\quad$ A man climbs $10$ m for every $200$ meters horizontally.

$\text{(b) }\quad$ A motorbike rises $20$ km for every $100$ kilometers horizontally.

$\text{(c) }\quad$ A plane takes off $35$ km for every $5$ kilometers horizontally.

$\text{(d) }\quad$ A submarine descends $120$ m for every $15$ meters horizontally.

Show/Hide Solution

(a) $m=\displaystyle\frac{\text{rise}}{\text{run}} =\displaystyle\frac{10}{200}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{20} $

(b) $m=\displaystyle\frac{\text{rise}}{\text{run}} =\displaystyle\frac{20}{100}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{5} $

(c) $m=\displaystyle\frac{\text{rise}}{\text{run}} =\displaystyle\frac{35}{5}=7 $

(d) $m=\displaystyle\frac{\text{rise}}{\text{run}} =\displaystyle\frac{-120}{15}=-8 $


8.          A train climbs a hill with slope $0.05$. How far horizontally has the train travelled after rising $15$ meters?

Show/Hide Solution

$m = 0.05$, rise $= 15 m$
Since $m=\displaystyle\frac{\text{ rise}}{\text{ run}}$,
$0.05=\displaystyle\frac{15}{\text{ run}} \Rightarrow\text{ run} = 300.$

9.          The vertices of a triangle are the points $A(-2,3)$, $B(5,-4)$ and $C(1,8)$. Find the slope of each side and perimeter of a triangle.

Show/Hide Solution

$A=(-2,3),\ B=(5,-4),\ C=(1,8)$

Since $m=\displaystyle\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1},$

$m_{AB}=\displaystyle\frac{-4-3}{5+2}=-1$

$m_{BC}=\displaystyle\frac{8+4}{1-5}= -3$

$m_{AC}=\displaystyle\frac{8-3}{1+2}=\frac{5}{3}$

length of a segment $=\sqrt{(x_2-x_1)^2+(y_2-y_1)^2}$

$\therefore\ AB=\sqrt{(5+2)^2+(-4-3)^2}=\sqrt{98}=9.9$

$BC=\sqrt{(1-5)^2+(8+4)^2}=\sqrt{160}=12.6$

$AC=\sqrt{(1+2)^2+(8-3)^2}=\sqrt{34}=5.8$

$\therefore\ \text{ the perimeter of}\ \triangle ABC = AB + BC + AC = 9.9+12.7+5.8=28.4$

10.          The vertices of a parallelogram are the points $P(1,4)$, $Q(3,2)$, $R(4,6)$ and $S(2,8)$. Find the slope of each side.

Show/Hide Solution

$P=(1,4)$, $Q=(3,2)$, $R=(4,6), S=(2,8)$

Since $m=\displaystyle\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1},$

$m_{PQ}=\displaystyle\frac{2-4}{3-1}=-1$

$m_{QR}=\displaystyle\frac{6-2}{4-3}= 4$

$m_{RS}=\displaystyle\frac{8-6}{2-4}=-1$

$m_{PS}=\displaystyle\frac{8-4}{2-1}=4$

11.          A line having a slope of $-1$ contains the point $(-2,5)$. What is the $y$-coordinate of the point on that line whose $x$-coordinate is $8$?

Show/Hide Solution

Let the required point be $(8, y).$

Since $m=\displaystyle\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1},$

$-1=\displaystyle\frac{y-5}{8+2}$

$\therefore\ y= -5$.

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Combination (Part - 1)

Ph แ€™ျแ€€်แ€”ှာแ€•ြแ€„်แ€ွแ€„် แ€…ာแ€™ျားแ€กแ€•ြแ€Š့် แ€™แ€•ေါ်แ€œျှแ€„် slider แ€€ို แ€†ွဲ၍ แ€œแ€Š်းแ€€ောแ€„်း၊ ph แ€€ို แ€กแ€œျားแ€œိုแ€€်แ€•ုံแ€…ံ (landscape position) แ€•ြောแ€„်း၍ แ€œแ€Š်းแ€€ောแ€„်း แ€–แ€်แ€›ှုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။

COMBINATION

A combination is a selection of objects without regard to order or arrangement. The different groups or selections of a number of things taken some or all of them at a time are called combinations.

Combination แ€”ှแ€„့် Permutation แ€™แ€ူแ€Šီแ€žော แ€กแ€ျแ€€်แ€™ှာ

  • แ€กแ€…ုแ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€กแ€ွแ€„်းแ€™ှာ แ€กแ€…ုแ€•ိုแ€„်းแ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€€ို แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€œိုแ€€်แ€žแ€Š် แ€†ိုแ€•ါแ€…ို့…။
  • Permutation แ€žแ€Š် แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€œိုแ€€်แ€žော แ€กแ€…ုแ€•ိုแ€„်းแ€กแ€ွแ€„်းแ€›ှိ แ€กแ€…ုแ€แ€„်แ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€ျแ€„်းแ€…ီ၏ แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€€ို แ€‘แ€Š့်แ€žွแ€„်း แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€žแ€Š်။
  • Combination แ€žแ€Š် แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€œိုแ€€်แ€žော แ€กแ€…ုแ€•ိုแ€„်းแ€กแ€ွแ€„်းแ€›ှိ แ€กแ€…ုแ€แ€„်แ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€ျแ€„်းแ€…ီ၏ แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€€ို แ€‘แ€Š့်แ€žွแ€„်း แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€ြแ€„်း แ€™แ€›ှိแ€•ါ။
แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™ာแ€€ို แ€œေ့แ€œာแ€€ြแ€Š့်แ€€ြแ€™แ€Š်။

A, B, C, D แ€”ှแ€„့် E แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား แ… แ€šောแ€€်แ€‘ဲแ€™ှ แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား แ‚ แ€šောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€žော แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š်แ€กแ€–ွဲ့ แ€–ွဲ့แ€›แ€”်แ€œိုแ€กแ€•်แ€žแ€Š်။

(a) แ€•-แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š်၊ แ€’ု-แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š် แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား แ‚ แ€šောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€žော แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š် แ€กแ€–ွဲ့แ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှ แ€–ွဲ့แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

(b) แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား แ‚ แ€šောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€žော แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š် แ€กแ€–ွဲ့แ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှ แ€–ွဲ့แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

แ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်း (a) แ€ွแ€„် แ€•-แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š်၊ แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€’ု-แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š် แ€Ÿူ၍ แ€ွဲแ€ြားแ€™ေးแ€‘ားแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€™แ€Š်แ€žူแ€€ แ€•-แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€™แ€Š်၊ แ€™แ€Š်แ€žူแ€€ แ€’ု-แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€™แ€Š်၊ แ€†ိုแ€žော แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€›ေးแ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်แ€€ို แ€ွေ့แ€›แ€•ါแ€™แ€Š်။

แ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်း (b) แ€ွแ€„် แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား แ‚ แ€šောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€žော แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š် แ€กแ€–ွဲ့แ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€Ÿု แ€™ေးแ€‘ားแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€€ိုแ€š်แ€…ားแ€œှแ€š်แ€กแ€–ွဲ့၌ แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žားแ€”ှแ€…်แ€šောแ€€် แ€•ါแ€แ€„်แ€›แ€”်แ€žာแ€œိုแ€กแ€•်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား၊ แ€’ုแ€ိแ€šแ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား၊ แ€™แ€Š်แ€žူแ€™แ€Š်แ€ါ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€™แ€Š်แ€†ိုแ€žော แ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€ျแ€€်แ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€›ေးแ€™แ€•ါแ€ော့แ€•ါ။

แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်း (a) แ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€ွဲแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€™ှာ $20$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€•ြီး၊ แ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်း (B) แ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€ွဲแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€™ှာ $10$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။

แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါแ€‡แ€šားแ€–ြแ€„့် แ€šှแ€‰်แ€ွဲแ€œေ့แ€œာแ€€ြแ€Š့်แ€•ါ။

A B C D E
A AB AC AD AE
B BA BC BD BE
C CA CB CD CE
D DA DB DC DE
E EA EB EC ED


แ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်း (a) แ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰် แ€กแ€›ေးแ€•ါแ€žောแ€€ြောแ€„့် permutation แ€–ြแ€…်แ€•ြီး แ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်း (b) แ€ွแ€„် แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žားแ€”ှแ€…်แ€šောแ€€်၏ แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰် แ€กแ€›ေးแ€™แ€•ါแ€ော့ แ€žောแ€€ြောแ€„့် combination แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။

COMBINATION OF $n$ OBJECTS TAKEN $r$ AT A TIME

The number of combinations of $n$ different things taken $r$ at a time is denoted by ${}^nC_r$ and is defined as                                  

$\begin{array}{|c|} \hline ^{n}{{C}_{r}}=\displaystyle\frac{{n!}}{{r!}{(n-r)!}}\\ \hline\end{array}$

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

Permutation Combination
Permutation is defined as arrangement of r things that can be done out of total n things. Combination is defined as selection of r things that can be done out of total n things.
Represents arrangement. Represents grouping or selection
Order of objects or arrangement matter Order of grouping/selection does not matter
Denoted by $^{n}{{P}_{r}}=\displaystyle\frac{{n!}}{{(n-r)!}}$ Denoted by $^{n}{{C}_{r}}=\displaystyle\frac{{n!}}{{r!}{(n-r)!}}$
Many permutations can be derived from a single combination. Only one combination can be derived with one permutation.

แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါ video แ€–ြแ€„့် แ€šှแ€‰်แ€ွဲแ€œေ့แ€œာแ€€ြแ€Š့်แ€•ါ။

Video Credit : Steve Stein


Example (1)

(a).          A local school board with 8 people needs to form a committee with three people. How many ways can this committee be formed?

Order of 3 people doesn't matter. Thus, it is combination.


Number of ways to constitute a committee

$\begin{array}{l} ={\ }^{8}{{C}_{3}}\\\\ =\displaystyle\frac{{8!}}{{3!}{(8-3)!}}\\\\ =\displaystyle\frac{{8!}}{{3!}{5!}}\\\\ = \displaystyle\frac{{8\times7\times6\times5\times4\times3\times2\times1}}{{(3\times2\times1)}\cdot{(5\times4\times3\times2\times1)}}\\\\ =56 \end{array}$

(b).          A local school board with 8 people needs to form a committee with three different responsibilities. How many ways can this committee be formed?

Order of 3 people matter for their responsibilities. Thus, it is permutation.


Number of ways to constitute a committee.

$\begin{array}{l} ={\ }^{8}{{P}_{3}}\\\\ =\displaystyle\frac{{8!}}{{(8-3)!}}\\\\ =\displaystyle\frac{{8!}}{{5!}}\\\\ = \displaystyle\frac{{8\times7\times6\times5\times4\times3\times2\times1}}{{5\times4\times3\times2\times1}}\\\\ =336 \end{array}$



PROPERTIES OF COMBINATIONS                                                    

$\begin{array}{|c|}\hline\color{red}{ 1. {\ }^{n}{C}_{r}={\ }^{n}{C}_{n-r}}\\\hline\end{array}$

Proof:
$\begin{aligned} \mathrm{LHS}&={ }^{n} C_{r}=\frac{n !}{r !(n-r) !} \\\\ \mathrm{RHS} &={ }^{n} C_{n-r}=\frac{n !}{(n-r) !(n-(n-r)) !} \\\\ &=\frac{n !}{(n-r) ! r !} \\\\ \therefore \mathrm{LHS} &=\mathrm{RHS} \\\\ \text { Note: }& 1. {\ }^{n} C_{x}={ }^{n} C_{y} \Rightarrow x= y \text { or } x+y=n\\\\ & 2. {\ }^{n} C_{0}={ }^{n} C_{n}=1\\\\ & 3. {\ }^{n} C_{1}={ }^{n} C_{n-1}=n\\\\ \end{aligned}$

$\begin{array}{|c|}\hline \color{red}{2. {\ }^{n} C_{r}+{ }^{n} C_{r-1}={ }^{n+1} C_{r}}\\\hline\end{array}$

Proof:

$\begin{aligned} \mathrm{LHS} &={ }^{n} C_{r}+{ }^{n} C_{r-1} \\\\ &=\frac{n !}{r !(n-r) !}+\frac{n !}{(r-1) !(n-r+1) !} \\\\ &=\frac{n !}{r !(n-r) !} \times \frac{(n-r+1)}{(n-r+1)}+\frac{n !}{(r-1) !(n-r+1) !} \times \frac{r}{r} \\\\ &=\frac{n !(n-r+1)}{r !(n-r+1) !}+\frac{r \times n !}{r !(n-r+1) !}[n !=n(n-1) !] \\\\ &=\frac{n !(n+1)-r \times n !+r \times n !}{r !(n-r+1) !} \\\\ &=\frac{(n+1) !}{r !(n-r+1) !} \\\\ \operatorname{RHS} &={ }^{n+1} C_{r}\\\\ &=\frac{(n+1) !}{r !(n+1-r) !} \\\\ &=\frac{(n+1) !}{r !(n-r+1) !} \\\\ \therefore\ \mathrm{LHS} &=\mathrm{RHS} \end{aligned}$

$\begin{array}{|c|}\hline \color{red}{3. {\ }^{n} C_{r}=\displaystyle\frac{n_{n-1}}{r} C_{r-1}=\frac{n(n-1)_{n-2}}{r(r-1)} C_{r-2}=\ldots}\\\hline\end{array}$

Proof:
$\begin{aligned} { }^{n} C_{r}&=\frac{n(n-1)(n-2) \ldots(n-r+1)}{1 \times 2 \times 3 \times \ldots(r-2)(r-1) r}\\\\ &=\frac{n}{r} \times \frac{(n-1)(n-2) \ldots(n-r+1)}{1 \times 2 \times 3 \times \ldots(r-2)(r-1)}\\\\ &=\frac{n}{r}\cdot{ }^{n-1} C_{r-1}\\\\ { }^{n} C_{r}&=\frac{n(n-1)(n-2) \ldots(n-r+1)}{1 \times 2 \times 3 \times \ldots(r-2)(r-1) r}\\\\ &=\frac{n(n-1)}{r(r-1)} \times \frac{(n-2) \ldots(n-r+1)}{1 \times 2 \times 3 \times \ldots(r-2)}\\\\ &=\frac{n(n-1)}{r(r-1)}\cdot{ }^{n-2} C_{r-2}\\\\ &\text{and so on.} \end{aligned}$

Monday, August 24, 2020

Permutation (Part 4)

Ph แ€™ျแ€€်แ€”ှာแ€•ြแ€„်แ€ွแ€„် แ€…ာแ€™ျားแ€กแ€•ြแ€Š့် แ€™แ€•ေါ်แ€œျှแ€„် slider แ€€ို แ€†ွဲ၍ แ€œแ€Š်းแ€€ောแ€„်း၊ ph แ€€ို แ€กแ€œျားแ€œိုแ€€်แ€•ုံแ€…ံ (landscape position) แ€•ြောแ€„်း၍ แ€œแ€Š်းแ€€ောแ€„်း แ€–แ€်แ€›ှုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။

$A, B$ แ€”ှแ€„့် $C$ แ€œူแ€žုံးแ€šောแ€€်แ€›ှိแ€žแ€Š် แ€†ိုแ€•ါแ€…ို့။ $A, B$ แ€”ှแ€„့် $C$ แ€€ို แ€™ျแ€‰်းแ€–ြောแ€„့် แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€‘ားแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€™ှာ $3! = 6$ ways แ€–ြแ€…်แ€€ြောแ€„်း แ€šแ€แ€„် post (part 1, part 2, part 3) แ€ို့แ€ွแ€„် แ€แ€„်แ€•ြแ€ဲ့แ€•ြီးแ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ 

$A, B$ แ€”ှแ€„့် $C$ แ€€ို แ€™ျแ€‰်းแ€–ြောแ€„့် แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€‘ားแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰် (แ†) แ€ုแ€™ှာ ABC, BCA, CAB, ACB, BAC, CBA แ€ို့ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ 

แ€žို့แ€›ာแ€ွแ€„် แ€กแ€†ိုแ€•ါแ€œူแ€žုံးแ€ฆးแ€€ို แ€…ားแ€•ွဲแ€ိုแ€„်းแ€ွแ€„် แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€‘ားแ€žแ€Š့်แ€กแ€ါ ABC, BCA, CAB แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€žုံးแ€ုแ€™ှာ แ€กแ€ူแ€ူแ€•แ€„်แ€–ြแ€…်แ€€ြောแ€„်း แ€ွေ့แ€›แ€™แ€Š်။ 

แ€กแ€œားแ€ူแ€•แ€„် ACB, BAC, CBA แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€žုံးแ€ုแ€™ှာแ€œแ€Š်း แ€กแ€ူแ€ူแ€•แ€„်แ€–ြแ€…်แ€€ြောแ€„်း แ€ွေ့แ€›แ€™แ€Š်။

แ€™ျแ€‰်းแ€–ြောแ€„့်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€‘ားแ€™ှုแ€ွแ€„် A แ€žแ€Š် แ€™แ€Š့်แ€žแ€Š့်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ွแ€„် แ€›ှိแ€žแ€Š့်แ€†ိုแ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€ြေแ€กแ€”ေแ€€ แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€‘ားแ€™ှု แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€ွแ€„် แ€‘แ€Š့်แ€žွแ€„်းแ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€›แ€•ြီး แ€…แ€€်แ€ိုแ€„်းแ€•ုံแ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€‘ားแ€™ှုแ€ွแ€„် แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฆးแ€†ုံးแ€”ေแ€›ာแ€žแ€Š် แ€™แ€Š်แ€žแ€Š့်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ွแ€„်แ€–ြแ€…်แ€…ေ แ€กแ€›ေးแ€•ါแ€™ှုแ€™แ€›ှိแ€ော့แ€•ဲ ၎แ€„်းแ€”ောแ€€်แ€™ှ แ€กแ€–ွဲ့แ€แ€„်แ€™ျား၏ แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰် แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€€ိုแ€žာ แ€‘แ€Š့်แ€žွแ€„်း แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€›แ€™แ€Š် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€œူแ€žုံးแ€ฆး၏ แ€…แ€€်แ€ိုแ€„်းแ€•ုံ แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€‘ားแ€™ှု (circular permutation) แ€ွแ€„် ...

แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€žုံးแ€šောแ€€်แ€ွแ€„် แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€ฆးแ€†ုံးแ€œူ၏ แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€‘ားแ€™ှုแ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€€ို แ€‘แ€Š့်แ€žွแ€„်းแ€ွแ€€်แ€ျแ€€်แ€›แ€”် แ€™แ€œိုแ€žောแ€€ြောแ€„့် $(3 - 1)! = 2! = 2$ ways แ€žာ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€™แ€Š်။

แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€…แ€€်แ€ိုแ€„်းแ€•ုံ แ€œแ€™်းแ€€ြောแ€„်းแ€•ေါ်แ€ွแ€„် แ€™แ€ူแ€Šီแ€žော แ€กแ€›ာแ€แ€္แ€‘ု $n$ แ€€ို แ€…ီแ€…แ€‰်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်းแ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™ှာ $(n - 1)!$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။

แ€คแ€ွแ€„် แ€œแ€€်แ€šာแ€›แ€…် (anticlockwise direction) แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€œแ€€်แ€ဲแ€›แ€…် (clockwise direction) แ€ို့แ€€ို แ€™แ€ူแ€Šီแ€žော แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€™ျား แ€กแ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€กแ€€แ€š်၍ แ€œแ€€်แ€šာแ€›แ€…် แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€œแ€€်แ€ဲแ€›แ€…် แ€ို့แ€žแ€Š် แ€ူแ€Šီแ€žော แ€กแ€ြေแ€กแ€”ေ (แ€ฅแ€•แ€™ာ - แ€•ုแ€ီး) แ€ွแ€„် แ€กแ€›ာแ€แ€္แ€‘ု $n$ แ€€ို แ€…ီแ€…แ€‰်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™ှာ $\displaystyle\frac{(n - 1)!}{2}$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။

CIRCULAR PERMUTATION

If $n$ different things can be arranged in a row, the linear arrangements is $n!$, whereas every linear arrangements have a beginning and end but in circular permutations, there is neither beginning nor end.

When clockwise and anti-clockwise orders are taken as different, the number of circular permutations of $n$ different things taken all at a time is

$\begin{array}{|c|}\hline(n – 1)!\\ \hline\end{array}$

But, when the clockwise and anti-clockwise orders are not different, i.e. the arrangements of beads in a necklace, arrangements of flowers in a garland, etc. 

The number of circular permutations of $n$ different things is

$\begin{array}{|c|}\hline\displaystyle\frac{(n - 1)!}{2}\\ \hline\end{array}$


RESTRICTED CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS

If clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangements are taken as different, the number of circular permutations of $n$ different things, taken $r$ at a time is given by

$\begin{array}{|c|}\hline\displaystyle\frac{{}^nP_{r}}{r}\\ \hline\end{array}$

If clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangements are taken as different, the number of circular permutations of $n$ different things, taken $r$ at a time is given by

$\begin{array}{|c|}\hline\displaystyle\frac{{}^nP_{r}}{2r}\\ \hline\end{array}$

แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါ video แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€šှแ€‰်แ€ွဲแ€œေ့แ€œာแ€€ြแ€Š့်แ€•ါ။


Example (1)

At a dinner party 3 men and 3 women sit at a round table. In how many ways can they sit if:                          

(a) there are no restrictions?

(b) men and women in alternate arrangement?

(c) U Kyaw and U Myo must sit together?


(a) Number of ways = (6 – 1)! = 5!

(b) Number of ways = (3 – 1)! 3!= 2! 3!

(c) Arrangement : (U Kyaw and U Myo) and other 4 members

    Number of ways = 2! 4!


EXERCISES

1.          In how many ways, can we arrange 6 different flowers in a circle?

2.          It is decided to label the vertices of a rectangle with the letters A, B, C and D. In how many ways is this possible if:

(a) they are to be in clockwise alphabetical order?

(b) they are to be in alphabetical order?

(c) they are to be in random order?

3.          In how many ways, 6 Myanmars and 5 Koreans can be seated in a round table if

(i) there is no restriction?

(ii) all the 5 Koreans sit together?

(iii) all the 5 Koreans do not sit together?

(iv) no two Koreans sit together?

4.          In how many ways, 20 persons be seated around a round table if there are 10 seats available there?

Sunday, August 23, 2020

Permutation (Part 3)

Ph แ€™ျแ€€်แ€”ှာแ€•ြแ€„်แ€ွแ€„် แ€…ာแ€™ျားแ€กแ€•ြแ€Š့် แ€™แ€•ေါ်แ€œျှแ€„် slider แ€€ို แ€†ွဲ၍ แ€œแ€Š်းแ€€ောแ€„်း၊ ph แ€€ို แ€กแ€œျားแ€œိုแ€€်แ€•ုံแ€…ံ (landscape position) แ€•ြောแ€„်း၍ แ€œแ€Š်းแ€€ောแ€„်း แ€–แ€်แ€›ှုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။

PERMUTATIONS WITH RESTRICTIONS

Example (1)

In how many ways can 5 boys and 4 girls be arranged on a bench if

(a) there are no restrictions?

(b) boys and girls in alternate arrangement?

(c) boys and girls are in separate groups?

(d) not all girls sit together?

(e) Thiha and Sandar wish to stay together?


(a)          แ€šောแ€€ျာ်းแ€œေး (แ…) แ€šောแ€€်၊ แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေး (แ„) แ€šောแ€€်แ€€ို แ€ုံแ€แ€”်းแ€›ှแ€Š်แ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€ွแ€„် แ€€ျแ€•แ€™်းแ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€…ေแ€žော် แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

แ€€แ€”့်แ€žแ€်แ€ျแ€€်แ€™แ€›ှိแ€•ါ။ แ€…ုแ€…ုแ€•ေါแ€„်း (แ‰) แ€šောแ€€်แ€œုံးแ€€ို แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€ိုแ€„်းแ€…ေแ€ြแ€„်း แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။

$\therefore\quad$ Number of arrangements $ = {}^{9}{{P}_{9}} = 9! = 362880$

(b)          แ€šောแ€€ျာ်းแ€œေး แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေး แ€แ€…်แ€œှแ€Š့်แ€…ီ แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€…ေแ€žော် แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|} \hline \color{red}B_{1} & \color{blue}G_{1} & \color{red}B_{2} &\color{blue} G_{2} & \color{red}B_{3} & \color{blue}G_{3} & \color{red}B_{4} & \color{blue}G_{4} & \color{red}B_{5} \\ \hline \end{array}$


$\therefore\quad$ Number of arrangements $ = {}^{5}{{P}_{5}}\times {}^{4}{{P}_{4}} =5! \times 4! = 2880$

(c)          แ€šောแ€€ျာ်းแ€œေး แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေး แ€กုแ€•်แ€…ုแ€ွဲ၍ แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€…ေแ€žော် แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l||l|l|l|l|} \hline\color{red} B_{1} & \color{red}B_{2} & \color{red}B_{3} & \color{red}B_{4} & \color{red}B_{5} & \color{blue}G_{1} & \color{blue}G_{2} & \color{blue}G_{3} & \color{blue}G_{4} \\ \hline \end{array}$


(OR)


$\begin{array}{|l|l|l||l|l|l|l|l|} \hline \color{blue}G_{1} & \color{blue}G_{2} & \color{blue}G_{3} & \color{blue}G_{4} & \color{red} B_{1} & \color{red}B_{2} & \color{red}B_{3} & \color{red}B_{4} & \color{red}B_{5} \\ \hline \end{array}$


$\therefore\quad$ Number of arrangements $ = {}^{5}{{P}_{5}}\times {}^{4}{{P}_{4}} + {}^{4}{{P}_{4}}\times {}^{5}{{P}_{5}} =2\times 5! \times 4! = 5760$

(d)          แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေး แ€กားแ€œုံးแ€แ€…်แ€…ုแ€แ€Š်း แ€™แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€…ေแ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

แ€คแ€€ဲ့แ€žို့แ€žော แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€ွแ€„် แ€›ှုแ€•်แ€‘ွေးแ€™ှု แ€กแ€”แ€Š်းแ€„แ€š် แ€›ှိแ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေးแ€กားแ€œုံး แ€แ€…်แ€…ုแ€แ€Š်းแ€™แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€…ေแ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€Ÿု แ€™ေးแ€‘ားแ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€แ€…်แ€”แ€Š်းแ€†ိုแ€žော် แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေး (แ„)แ€šောแ€€်แ€œုံးแ€แ€…်แ€…ုแ€แ€Š်း แ€™แ€–ြแ€…်แ€…ေแ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰် แ€กแ€›ေแ€ွแ€€်แ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€€ို แ€›ှာแ€›แ€™แ€Š်แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ แƒ แ€šောแ€€် แ€แ€…်แ€กုแ€•်แ€…ု၊ (แ€žို့) แ‚ แ€šောแ€€် แ€แ€…်แ€กုแ€•်แ€…ု၊ (แ€žို့)แ€แ€…်แ€šောแ€€်แ€ျแ€„်းแ€…ီ แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€ွแ€„့်แ€›ှိแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€€ို แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ာแ€›แ€”် แ€™ျားแ€•ြားแ€›ှုแ€•်แ€‘ွေးแ€œှแ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။

แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€กแ€ြားแ€แ€…်แ€˜แ€€်แ€™ှ แ€•ြแ€”်แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€™แ€Š်။ แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေးแ€กားแ€œုံး แ€แ€…်แ€…ုแ€แ€Š်း แ€™แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€…ေแ€› แ€†ိုแ€žแ€Š်แ€™ှာ แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေးแ€กားแ€œုံး แ€แ€…်แ€…ုแ€แ€Š်း แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€…ေแ€ြแ€„်း แ€™แ€Ÿုแ€်แ€Ÿု แ€†ိုแ€œိုแ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žောแ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰် แ€…ုแ€…ုแ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€™ှ แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေးแ€กားแ€œုံး แ€แ€…်แ€…ုแ€‘ဲแ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€…ေแ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€€ို แ€–แ€š်แ€‘ုแ€် (แ€”ုแ€်) แ€œိုแ€€်แ€œျှแ€„် แ€กแ€–ြေแ€€ို แ€กแ€œွแ€š်แ€แ€€ူแ€›ှာแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။

แ€ฆးแ€…ွာ แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေးแ€กားแ€œုံး แ€แ€…်แ€…ုแ€แ€Š်းแ€‘ိုแ€„်แ€…ေแ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€€ိုแ€›ှာแ€•ါแ€™แ€Š်။

$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|} \hline\color{blue}G_{1} & \color{blue}G_{2} & \color{blue}G_{3} & \color{blue}G_{4} \\ \hline \end{array}$


Number of arrangements for 4 girls sit together $ = {}^{4}{{P}_{4}} = 4! = 362880$

แ€†แ€€်แ€œแ€€်၍ แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေး (แ„) แ€šောแ€€်แ€ွဲแ€”ှแ€„့် แ€šောแ€€်ျား‌แ€œေး แ… แ€šောแ€€်แ€€ို แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€€ို แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€•ါแ€™แ€Š်။ แ€™ိแ€”်းแ€€แ€œေး (แ„) แ€šောแ€€်แ€ွဲ แ€แ€…်แ€…ုแ€žแ€Š် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€กแ€–ွဲ့แ€แ€„်แ€แ€…်แ€ု แ€กแ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€•ြီး แ€šောแ€€ျာ်းแ€œေး แ… แ€šောแ€€် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰် แ€กแ€–ွဲ့แ€แ€„်แ€„ါးแ€ု၊ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€กแ€–ွဲ့แ€แ€„် แ€ြောแ€€်แ€ု แ€กแ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။

$\begin{array}{|l||l|l|l|l|} \hline \color{blue}G_{1} , \color{blue}G_{2} , \color{blue}G_{3} , \color{blue}G_{4} & \color{red}B_{1} & \color{red}B_{2} & \color{red}B_{3} & \color{red}B_{4} & \color{red}B_{5} \\ \hline \end{array}$


Number of arrangements for all boys and a group of 4 girls

$ = {}^{4}{{P}_{4}} \times {}^{6}{{P}_{6}}= 4!\times 6! $

$\therefore \quad$ Number of arrangements for all students where not all girls sit together

$ = 9!-(4!\times 6!) = 345600$


(e)          แ€žီแ€Ÿ แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€…แ€”္แ€’ာ แ€”ှแ€…်แ€šောแ€€်แ€ွဲ แ€•ါแ€แ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

แ€ฆးแ€…ွာ แ€žီแ€Ÿแ€”ှแ€„့် แ€…แ€”္แ€’ာแ€€ို แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€‘ားแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€ฅ်แ€€ို แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€™แ€Š်။

$\begin{array}{|l|l|} \hline \color{red}{TH},\color{blue}{SD} & \color{blue}{SD}, \color{red}{TH} \\ \hline \end{array}$


Number of ways to arrange Thiha and Sandar = 2!

แ€กแ€‘แ€€်แ€ွแ€„် แ€–ေါ်แ€•ြแ€ဲ့แ€žแ€Š့်แ€”แ€Š်းแ€ူ แ€žီแ€Ÿ แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€…แ€”္แ€’ာแ€€ို แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰် แ€กแ€–ွဲ့แ€แ€„်แ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€แ€Š်း แ€กแ€–ြแ€…်แ€žာ แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€•ေးแ€›แ€™แ€Š်။

แ€€ျแ€”်แ€žော (แ‡) แ€šောแ€€်แ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€€แ€”့်แ€žแ€်แ€ျแ€€်แ€™แ€›ှိแ€•ါ။

$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|} \hline \color{red}{TH},\color{blue}{SD}\ \text{or}\ \color{blue}{SD}, \color{red}{TH} & S_1 & S_2 & S_3 & S_4 & S_4 & S_6 & S_7\\ \hline \end{array}$


TH, SD and S stands for Thiha, Sandar and student.


$\therefore\quad$ Number of arrangements whereas Thiha and Sandar wish to stay together

     $=2!\times 8!= 80640$ ways



Example (2)

Consider the 5 letter arrangements of the word EDUCATORS. How many arrangements

(a) contain only consonants?

(b) start with E and end in S?

(c) contain the letter U?

(d) have the T and O together?


(a)          แ€—ျแ€Š် (แ…) แ€œုံးแ€›ှိแ€•ြီး แ€กแ€ြားแ€€แ€”့်แ€žแ€်แ€ျแ€€်แ€™แ€›ှိแ€•ါ။ There are five conconsonants.

$\therefore\quad$ Number of arrangement $= 5 ! = 120$ ways.

(b)         
$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline E & & & & S\\ \hline \end{array}$


E แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€…แ€•ြီး S แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€†ုံးแ€žแ€Š့်แ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€กแ€… แ€…แ€€ားแ€œုံး E แ€žแ€Š် แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€•ြောแ€„်းแ€›แ€”် แ€™แ€œိုแ€กแ€•်แ€žแ€œို แ€กแ€†ုံး แ€…แ€€ားแ€œုံး S แ€žแ€Š်แ€œแ€Š်း แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€•ြောแ€„်းแ€›แ€”် แ€™แ€œိုแ€กแ€•်แ€•ါ။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€กแ€…ီแ€…แ€‰်แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€€ို แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€›ာแ€ွแ€„် E แ€”ှแ€„့် S แ€€ို แ€‘แ€Š့်แ€žွแ€„်းแ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€›แ€”် แ€™แ€œိုแ€ော့แ€•ါ။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် E แ€”ှแ€„့် S แ€€ြား แ€”ေแ€›ာ แ€žုံးแ€ုแ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€€ျแ€”်แ€žောแ€…แ€€ားแ€œုံး (แ‡) แ€œုံးแ€™ှ แ€žုံးแ€ုแ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€€ို แ€…แ€‰်แ€…ားแ€›แ€™แ€Š်။

$\therefore\quad$ Number of arrangement $= {}^{7}{{P}_{3}}=210$ ways.

(c)         
$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline U & & & & \\ \hline \end{array}$


U แ€•ါแ€แ€„်แ€žော แ€…แ€€ားแ€œုံး (แ…)แ€œုံးแ€€ို แ€™ေးแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် U แ€แ€…်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€›แ€”်แ€™แ€œိုแ€ော့แ€•ဲ แ€€ျแ€”်แ€œေးแ€”ေแ€›ာแ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€€ျแ€”်แ€žောแ€…แ€€ားแ€œုံး (แ‡) แ€œုံးแ€™ှ แ€œေးแ€ုแ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€€ို แ€…แ€‰်แ€…ားแ€›แ€™แ€Š်။ แ€…แ€€ားแ€œုံး แ‡ แ€œုံးแ€™ှာ แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€œေးแ€ုแ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€™ှာ $ {}^{7}{{P}_{4}}$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ U ၏ แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€€ို แ€€แ€”့်แ€žแ€်แ€™แ€‘ားแ€žောแ€€ြောแ€„့် U แ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€‘ားแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žောแ€”ေแ€›ာ (แ…) แ€ု แ€›ှိแ€™แ€Š်။

$\therefore\quad$ Number of arrangement $= 5\times {}^{7}{{P}_{4}}=4200$ ways.

(d)         
$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline TO & & & & \\ \hline \end{array}$


TO แ€”ှแ€„့် OT แ€กแ€ွဲแ€œိုแ€€်แ€•ါ แ€•ါแ€แ€„်แ€žော แ€…แ€€ားแ€œုံး (แ…)แ€œုံးแ€€ို แ€™ေးแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် TO (แ€žို့) OT แ€แ€…်แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€…แ€‰်းแ€…ားแ€›แ€”်แ€™แ€œိုแ€ော့แ€•ဲ แ€€ျแ€”်แ€œေးแ€”ေแ€›ာแ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€€ျแ€”်แ€žောแ€…แ€€ားแ€œုံး (แ‡) แ€œုံးแ€™ှ แ€œေးแ€ုแ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€€ို แ€…แ€‰်แ€…ားแ€›แ€™แ€Š်။ แ€…แ€€ားแ€œုံး แ‡ แ€œုံးแ€™ှာ แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€œေးแ€ုแ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€™ှာ $ {}^{7}{{P}_{4}}$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ TO แ€”ှแ€„့် OT แ€กแ€…ီแ€กแ€…แ€‰်แ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€…ီแ€…แ€‰်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း แ€”ှแ€…်แ€ုแ€›ှိแ€™แ€Š်။ TO (แ€žို့) OT ၏ แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€€ို แ€€แ€”့်แ€žแ€်แ€™แ€‘ားแ€žောแ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€‘ားแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žောแ€”ေแ€›ာ (แ…) แ€ု แ€›ှိแ€™แ€Š်။

$\therefore\quad$ Number of arrangement $ =2\times 5\times {}^{7}{{P}_{4}}=8400$ ways.



Example (3)

Nyi Nyi has 4 identical blue cards and 3 identical red cards. He draws 6 cards at a time. How many arrangements are possible?



แ€กแ€•ြာแ€›ောแ€„် (แ„) แ€€แ€် แ€กแ€”ီแ€›ောแ€„် (แƒ) แ€€แ€် แ€…ုแ€…ုแ€•ေါแ€„်း (แ‡)แ€€แ€်แ€™ှ (แ†) แ€€แ€်แ€€ို แ€›ွေးแ€‘ုแ€်แ€›แ€™แ€Š် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€ြေแ€”ှแ€…်แ€™ျိုး แ€›ှိแ€žแ€Š်။ (แ€”ီ-แƒ,แ€•ြာ-แƒ) แ€žို့แ€™แ€Ÿုแ€် (แ€”ီ-แ‚, แ€•ြာ-แ„) แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။

$\therefore\quad$ Number of arrangement

$\begin{array}{l}=\displaystyle\frac{{6!}}{{3!\ \times 3!}}+\displaystyle\frac{{6!}}{{2!\ \times 4!}}\\\\=15+20\\\\=35 \ \text{ways}\end{array}$ .


EXERCISES

1.          In how many ways can six students and two teachers be arranged in a row if:

(a) the two teachers are together

(b) the two teachers are not together

2.          How many different arrangements of the letters of the word RHOMBUS are possible if:

(a) the two vowels are together

(b) the first and last places are consonants

3.          How many numbers greater than 4000 can be formed using the digits 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 if repetition is not allowed?        

4.          If $ ^{{2n}}{{P}_{n}}=8\times {{\ }^{{2n-1}}}{{P}_{{n-1}}}$, find the value of $n$.

5.          Three blue, three white and three red balls are placed in a row.

(a) How many different arrangements are possible?

(b) In how many of these arrangements are the red balls together?

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Permutation (Part 2)

PERMUTATION

A permutation is an ordered selection or arrangement of all or part of a set of objects.

แ€กแ€…ုแ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€กแ€ွแ€„်းแ€™ှ แ€กแ€…ုแ€แ€„်แ€กားแ€กားแ€œုံး (แ€žို့) แ€กแ€…ုแ€แ€„်แ€กแ€ျို့แ€€ို แ€”ေแ€›ာแ€ျแ€‘ားแ€…ီแ€…แ€‰်แ€™ှုแ€€ို permutation แ€Ÿု แ€ေါ်แ€žแ€Š်။


แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™ာแ€€ို แ€œေ့แ€œာแ€€ြแ€Š့်แ€€ြแ€™แ€Š်။

แ€กแ€แ€”်းแ€‘ဲแ€ွแ€„် แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žားแ€†แ€š်แ€šောแ€€်แ€›ှိแ€›ာ แ€แ€…်แ€ฆးแ€€ို แ€กแ€แ€”်းแ€ေါแ€„်းแ€†ောแ€„်แ€กแ€–ြแ€…် แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€•ြီး แ€”ောแ€€်แ€แ€…်แ€ฆးแ€€ို แ€’ုแ€ိแ€š แ€กแ€แ€”်းแ€ေါแ€„်းแ€†ောแ€„်แ€กแ€–ြแ€…် แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€™แ€Š်แ€†ိုแ€œျှแ€„် แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žောแ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€™แ€Š်แ€”แ€Š်း။

แ€กแ€แ€”်းแ€ေါแ€„်းแ€†ောแ€„် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = $10$ แ€šောแ€€်

แ€กแ€แ€”်းแ€ေါแ€„်းแ€†ောแ€„် แ€แ€…်แ€šောแ€€် แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€•ြီးแ€•ါแ€€

แ€’ုแ€ိแ€š แ€กแ€แ€”်းแ€ေါแ€„်းแ€†ောแ€„် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žားแ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = $9$ แ€šောแ€€်

แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်းแ€•ေါแ€„်း = $10\times 9 = 90$

แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်းแ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€€ို factorial expression แ€–ြแ€„့် $\displaystyle\frac{10 \times 9 \times 8 \times 7 \times 6 \times 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1}{8 \times 7 \times 6 \times 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1}$ (แ€žို့) $\displaystyle\frac{10!}{8!}=\displaystyle\frac{10!}{(10-2)!}$ แ€Ÿု แ€–ော်แ€•ြแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။

၎แ€„်းแ€€ို แ€žแ€„်္แ€€ေแ€แ€กားแ€–ြแ€„့် ${}^{10}{{P}_{2}}$ แ€Ÿု แ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။


PERMUTATION OF $n$ OBJECTS TAKEN $r$ AT A TIME WITHOUT REPETITION

The number of permutations of $n$ different things taken $r$ at a time is denoted as ${}^{n}{{P}_{r}}$ or $P(n, r)$ and is defined as :

${ }^{n} P_{r}=\displaystyle\frac{n !}{(n-r) !}=n(n-1)(n-2) \ldots(n-r+1)$

where

$\bullet\quad n$ is a natural number

$\bullet\quad r$ is a whole number

$\bullet\quad r\le n$

แ€™แ€ူแ€Šီแ€žောแ€กแ€›ာแ€แ€္แ€‘ု $n$ แ€ုแ€‘ဲแ€™ှ $r$ แ€ုแ€€ို แ€‘ုแ€်แ€šူแ€œျှแ€„် แ€‘ုแ€်แ€šူแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်းแ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€€ို ${}^{n}{{P}_{r}}$ แ€Ÿု แ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€žแ€Š်။

NOTE : ${ }^{n} P_{n} = n!$

PERMUTATION WITH REPETITION

The number of permutations of $n$ different things taken $r$ at a time, when each can be repeated any number of times is $n^r$.

Example (1)

(a)          In how many ways can a first, second and third prize be awarded in a class of 10 students?

แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား 10 แ€šောแ€€် แ€›ှိแ€žော แ€žแ€„်แ€แ€”်းแ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€ွแ€„် แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား 3 แ€šောแ€€်แ€€ိုแ€žာ แ€•แ€‘แ€™၊ แ€’ုแ€ိแ€š၊ แ€แ€ိแ€šแ€†ုแ€™ျား แ€ျီးแ€™ြှแ€„့်แ€™แ€Š်แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›ာ แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€ြေแ€กแ€”ေ แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€™แ€Š်แ€”แ€Š်း။

(b)          In how many ways can a Mathematics prize, a Physics prize and a Chemistry prize be awarded in a class of 10 students?

แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား 10 แ€šောแ€€် แ€›ှိแ€žော แ€žแ€„်แ€แ€”်းแ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€ွแ€„် แ€žแ€„်္แ€ျာ၊ แ€›ူแ€•၊ แ€“ါแ€ု แ€‘ူးแ€ျွแ€”်แ€†ုแ€™ျား แ€ျီးแ€™ြှแ€„့်แ€™แ€Š်แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›ာ แ€†ုแ€•ေးแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€™แ€Š်แ€”แ€Š်း။

Solution

(a)          แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား 10 แ€šောแ€€်แ€‘ဲแ€™ှ แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žားแ€žုံးแ€šောแ€€်แ€€ိုแ€žာ แ€•แ€‘แ€™၊ แ€’ုแ€ိแ€š၊ แ€แ€ိแ€šแ€†ုแ€™ျား แ€ျီးแ€™ြှแ€„့်แ€™แ€Š်แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›ာ 10 แ€šောแ€€်แ€™ှ 3 แ€šောแ€€်แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€ြแ€„်းแ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€•ြแ€”်แ€™แ€‘แ€•်แ€•ါ။

$\therefore$ Number of ways $={ }^{10} P_{3}=10 \times 9 \times 8=720$

(b)          แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žား 10 แ€šောแ€€်แ€€ို แ€žแ€„်္แ€ျာ၊ แ€›ူแ€•၊ แ€“ါแ€ု แ€‘ူးแ€ျွแ€”်แ€†ုแ€™ျား แ€ျီးแ€™ြแ€„့်แ€™แ€Š် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€™แ€Š်แ€žူแ€™แ€†ို แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žောแ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€•ြแ€”်แ€‘แ€•်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။

แ€žแ€„်္แ€ျာแ€‘ူးแ€ျွแ€”်แ€†ု แ€†ုแ€›แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žားแ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = 10

แ€›ူแ€•แ€‘ူးแ€ျွแ€”်แ€†ု แ€†ုแ€›แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žားแ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = 10

แ€“ါแ€ုแ€‘ူးแ€ျွแ€”်แ€†ု แ€†ုแ€›แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žားแ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = 10

$\therefore$ Number of ways $=10^3=1000$.



Example (2)

How many three-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, and 4 if (i) repetition is allowed, (ii) repetition is not allowed.

Solution

(i)          If repetition is allowed,

number of 3-digit numbers $= 4^3 = 64$

(ii)          If repetition is not allowed,

number of 3-digit numbers $={ }^{4} P_{3} = 4 × 3 × 2 = 24$



PERMUTATION OF ALIKE OBJECTS

The number of permutations of $n$ objects with $n_1$ identical objects of type $1$, $n_2$ identical objects of type $2$,. . . , and $n_k$ identical objects of type $k$ is

$\displaystyle\frac{n !}{n ! n_{2} ! \cdots n_{k} !}$


$1, 3, 5$ แ€€ို แ€‚แ€แ€”်းแ€แ€…်แ€œုံးแ€œျှแ€„် แ€แ€…်แ€€ြိแ€™်แ€žာแ€žုံးแ€•ြီးแ€ွဲแ€žော် แ€กแ€ွဲแ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှ แ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

$135, 153, 315$, $351, 513, 531$ แ€ို့แ€–ြแ€…်แ€€ြแ€žแ€Š်။

Permutation แ€–ြแ€„့်แ€–ော်แ€•ြแ€žော်၊

แ€‚แ€แ€”်းแ€žုံးแ€œုံးแ€›ှိแ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€”แ€€် แ€žုံးแ€ုแ€œုံး แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်းแ€•ေါแ€„်း $={ }^{3} P_{3}=3 !=6$ แ€”แ€Š်းแ€›ှိแ€•ါแ€žแ€Š်။

แ€กแ€€แ€š်၍ $1, 1, 5$ แ€€ို แ€‚แ€แ€”်းแ€แ€…်แ€œုံးแ€œျှแ€„် แ€แ€…်แ€€ြိแ€™်แ€žာแ€žုံးแ€•ြီးแ€ွဲแ€žော် แ€กแ€ွဲแ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှ แ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

$115, 151, 511$ แ€ို့แ€–ြแ€…်แ€€ြแ€žแ€Š်။

แ€กแ€‘แ€€်แ€•ါ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™ာแ€€ဲ့แ€žို့ แ€กแ€›ာแ€แ€္แ€‘ု $n$ แ€ု แ€‘ဲแ€ွแ€„် แ€•ုံแ€…ံแ€ူ แ€กแ€›ာแ€แ€္แ€‘ု $p$ แ€ုแ€›ှိแ€œျှแ€„် แ€กแ€›ာแ€แ€္แ€‘ု $n$ แ€ုแ€€ို แ€šှแ€‰်แ€ွဲแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်းแ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€™ှာ $\displaystyle\frac{n !}{p !}$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€กแ€‘แ€€်แ€€ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™ာแ€€ို แ€•ြแ€”်แ€œแ€Š်แ€…แ€…်แ€†ေး แ€€ြแ€Š့်แ€•ါแ€™แ€Š်။

$1, 1, 5$ แ€ွแ€„်แ€•ါแ€แ€„်แ€žော แ€€ိแ€”်းแ€œုံးแ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် $= 3$

$1, 1, 5$ แ€ွแ€„်แ€•ါแ€แ€„်แ€žော แ€•ုံแ€…ံแ€ူ (แ€‘แ€•်แ€”ေแ€žော) แ€€ိแ€”်းแ€œုံး แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် $= 2$

$1, 1, 5$ แ€€ို แ€šှแ€‰်แ€ွဲแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း $=\displaystyle\frac{3 !}{2 !}=\displaystyle\frac{3 \times 2 \times 1}{2 \times 1}=3$


Example (3)

How many distinct arrangements can be formed using all the letters of STATISTICS?                                                                 

Solution

       total number of letters = 10

       number of A's = 1

       number of C's = 1

       number of I's = 2

       number of S's = 3

       number of T's = 3

       number of arrangements

$\quad =\displaystyle\frac{10!}{3!\cdot3!\cdot2!}$

$\quad =\displaystyle\frac{3628800}{72}=50400$



Example (4)

How many different ways are there to color a $4\times 4$ grid with red, green, yellow and blue paints, using each color 4 times?


Solution

       total number of squares = 16

       number of red squares = 4

       nnumber of green squares = 4

       number of yellow squares = 4

       number of blue squares = 4

       number of arrangements

$\quad =\displaystyle\frac{16!}{4!\cdot4!\cdot4!\cdot4!}$

$\quad =63063000$



EXERCISES

1.          In how many ways can seven books be arranged in a row?

2.          How many different three-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 5, 7

(a) once only?

(b) if digits can be repeated?

3.          The digits 0 to 9 are used to make 10-digit numbers (not beginning with zero). How many different numbers are possible if:

(a) each digit can be used only once,

(b) each digit can be used any number of times?

4.          In how many ways can a president, a treasurer and a secretary be chosen from among 7 candidates?

5.          A license plate begins with three letters. If the possible letters are A, B, C, D and E, how many different permutations of these letters can be made if no letter is used more than once?

Friday, August 21, 2020

Introduction to Permutations (Part 1)

COUNTING PRINCIPLES

แ€›ေแ€ွแ€€်แ€ြแ€„်း (counting) แ€€ို แ€€ျွแ€”်ုแ€•်แ€ို့ แ€”ေ့แ€…แ€‰်แ€†ောแ€„်แ€›ွแ€€်แ€”ေแ€€ြแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™ာแ€กားแ€–ြแ€„့်…

 • แ€แ€…်แ€•แ€် แ€˜แ€š်แ€”ှแ€…်แ€›แ€€် แ€›ုံးแ€แ€€်แ€›แ€žแ€œဲ…။ 

• แ€แ€…်แ€”ေ့ แ€กแ€žုံးแ€…แ€›ိแ€် แ€˜แ€š်แ€œောแ€€်แ€›ှိแ€žแ€œဲ။ 

• แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€แ€”်းแ€‘ဲแ€™ှာ แ€€ျောแ€„်းแ€žားแ€กแ€›ေ แ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€˜แ€š်แ€œောแ€€်แ€›ှိแ€žแ€œဲ။

แ€…แ€žแ€Š်แ€ို့แ€žแ€Š် แ€”ေ့แ€…แ€‰် แ€†ောแ€„်แ€›ွแ€€်แ€”ေแ€€ျ แ€›ေแ€ွแ€€်แ€ြแ€„်း แ€œုแ€•်แ€„แ€”်းแ€…แ€‰်แ€™ျား แ€–ြแ€…်แ€€ြแ€žแ€Š်။

แ€žို့แ€›ာแ€ွแ€„် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•်แ€™ျား แ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€…แ€•် แ€›ေแ€ွแ€€်แ€›แ€žော แ€•ုံแ€…ံแ€™ျားแ€žแ€Š် แ€žာแ€™แ€”် แ€›ေแ€ွแ€€်แ€ြแ€„်းแ€€ဲ့แ€žို့ แ€›ိုးแ€›ှแ€„်းแ€œွแ€š်แ€€ူแ€ြแ€„်း แ€™แ€›ှိแ€ော့แ€•ေ။ แ€ฅแ€•แ€™ာแ€กားแ€–ြแ€„့်

• แ€‘แ€™แ€„်းแ€†ိုแ€„်แ€ွแ€„် แ€กแ€žားแ€Ÿแ€„်း แ€†แ€š်แ€™ျိုးแ€”ှแ€„့် แ€กแ€žီးแ€กแ€›ွแ€€်แ€Ÿแ€„်း แ€›ှแ€…်แ€™ျိုးแ€›ှိแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€กแ€žားแ€Ÿแ€„်းแ€”ှแ€…်แ€™ျိုး แ€กแ€žီးแ€กแ€›ွแ€€် แ€”ှแ€…်แ€™ျိုးแ€™ှာแ€šူแ€ွแ€„့် แ€›ှိแ€žော် แ€™ှာแ€šူแ€ွแ€„့် แ€›ှိแ€žောแ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

• แ€˜ောแ€œုံးแ€žแ€„်း แแ† แ€žแ€„်းแ€€ို แ€œေးแ€žแ€„်းแ€…ီ แ€œေးแ€กုแ€•်แ€…ုแ€ွဲแ€œျှแ€„် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žောแ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

แ€…แ€žော แ€กแ€ြေแ€กแ€”ေแ€™ျိုးแ€™ျားแ€ွแ€„် แ€›ေแ€ွแ€€်แ€ြแ€„်း แ€œုแ€•်แ€„แ€”်းแ€…แ€‰်แ€™ျားแ€™ှာ แ€›ိုးแ€›ှแ€„်းแ€œွแ€š်แ€€ူแ€™ှု แ€™แ€›ှိแ€ော့แ€•ေ။ แ€กแ€‘แ€€်แ€•ါ แ€›ေแ€ွแ€€်แ€ြแ€„်းแ€™ျိုးแ€™ျားแ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်းแ€™ျား แ€›ှာแ€šူแ€›แ€”် แ€กောแ€€်แ€•ါ แ€ฅแ€•แ€’ေแ€žแ€™ျားแ€€ို แ€žိแ€›ှိแ€‘ားแ€›แ€•ေแ€™แ€Š်။

THE PRODUCT PRINCIPLE (AND RULE)

The number of ways of in which both choice $A$ and choice $B$ can be made is the product of the number of options for $A$ and the number of options for $B$.
$n(A\ \text{AND}\ B) = n(A) \times n(B)$

แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် $A$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = $n(A)$ แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် $B$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = n(B) แ€Ÿု แ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€™แ€Š်။ แ€‘ိုแ€žို့แ€†ိုแ€œျแ€„် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် $A$ แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် $B$ แ€”ှแ€…်แ€ုแ€ွဲแ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် (แ€”ှแ€…်แ€ု แ€แ€•ြိုแ€„်แ€”แ€€်) แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€်แ€™ှာ $n(A)\times n(B)$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။

แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် แ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€žแ€Š် แ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€€ိုแ€แ€…်แ€ု แ€™ှီแ€ို แ€†แ€€်แ€…แ€•်แ€”ေแ€œျှแ€„် (แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် แ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€–ြแ€…်แ€œျှแ€„် แ€กแ€ြားแ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•်แ€แ€…်แ€ု แ€™แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€ော့แ€žแ€Š့် แ€กแ€ြေแ€กแ€”ေ) mutually exclusive events แ€Ÿု แ€ေါ်แ€žแ€Š်။

แ€ฅแ€•แ€™ာ။ แ€˜แ€်(แ€…)แ€€ားแ€…ီး၍ แ€›ုံးแ€žို့แ€žွားแ€ြแ€„်း၊ taxi แ€…ီး၍ แ€›ုံးแ€žို့แ€žွားแ€ြแ€„်း၊ แ€…ာแ€™ေးแ€•ွဲแ€กောแ€„်แ€ြแ€„်း၊ แ€…ာแ€™ေးแ€•ွဲแ€€ျแ€ြแ€„်း၊

THE ADDITION PRINCIPLE (OR RULE)

The number of ways of in which either choice $A$ or choice $B$ can be made is the sum of the number of options for $A$ and the number of options for $B$.

If A and B are mutually exclusive then
$n(A\ \text{OR}\ B) = n(A) + n(B)$

แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် $A$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် =$n(A)$ แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် $B$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = $n(B)$ แ€Ÿု แ€žแ€်แ€™ှแ€်แ€™แ€Š်။ แ€‘ိုแ€žို့แ€†ိုแ€œျแ€„် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် $A$ แ€”ှแ€„့် แ€–ြแ€…်แ€›แ€•် $B$ แ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€™แ€Ÿုแ€်แ€แ€…်แ€ု แ€–ြแ€…်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်းแ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€™ှာ $n(A) + n(B)$ แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žแ€Š်။

FACTORIAL NOTATION

Factorial notation uses an exclamation mark ! as a short way to write the product of consecutive positive integers.

แ€†แ€€်แ€ိုแ€€်แ€–ြแ€…်แ€žော แ€กแ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€€ိแ€”်းแ€•ြแ€Š့်แ€™ျား แ€™ြှောแ€€်แ€ြแ€„်းแ€€ို factorial แ€Ÿု แ€ေါ်แ€žแ€Š်။ แ€™ှแ€်แ€›แ€œွแ€š်แ€€ူแ€…ေแ€›แ€”် แ€กแ€ွแ€€် แ€กแ€•ေါแ€„်းแ€€ိแ€”်းแ€•ြแ€Š့်แ€™ျားแ€€ို แ€€ြီးแ€…แ€‰်แ€„แ€š်แ€œိုแ€€် แ€…ီแ€œေ့แ€›ှိแ€žแ€Š်။

Examples

$3! = 3 \times 2 \times 1 = 6$ [$3!$ = 3 factorial แ€Ÿုแ€–แ€်แ€žแ€Š်။]

$10! = 10 \times 9 \times 8 \times 7 \times 6 \times 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1 = 3628800$

$n! = n (n – 1)(n – 2)(n – 3)… 3 \times 2 \times 1$

Note: $0! = 1, 1! = 1, n! = n (n – 1)!$

แ€”แ€™ူแ€”ာแ€•ုแ€…္แ€†ာ แ€แ€…်แ€•ုแ€’် แ€œေ့แ€œာแ€€ြแ€Š့်แ€€ြแ€™แ€Š်။

แ€žแ€„့်แ€ွแ€„် แ€กแ€›ောแ€„်แ€™แ€ူแ€žော T-Shirt แ€„ါးแ€‘แ€Š်แ€›ှိแ€žแ€Š်။ แ€แ€…်แ€”ေ့แ€แ€…်แ€›ောแ€„် แ€”ှုแ€”်းแ€–ြแ€„့် แ€กแ€›ောแ€„်แ€™แ€‘แ€•်แ€•ဲ แ€„ါးแ€›แ€€်แ€†แ€€်แ€ိုแ€€် แ€แ€်แ€†แ€„်แ€œိုแ€žော် แ€แ€်แ€†แ€„်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žောแ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€”ေ့ แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = $5$ (แ€€ြိုแ€€်แ€›ာ แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žแ€Š်)

แ€’ုแ€ိแ€šแ€”ေ့ แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = $4$ (แ€•แ€‘แ€™แ€”ေ့ แ€แ€်แ€‘ားแ€žော แ€แ€…်แ€›ောแ€„် แ€•แ€š်)

แ€แ€ိแ€šแ€”ေ့ แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = $3$ (แ€›ှေ့แ€”ှแ€…်แ€›แ€€် แ€แ€်แ€‘ားแ€žော แ€”ှแ€…်แ€›ောแ€„် แ€•แ€š်)

แ€…แ€ုแ€္แ€‘แ€”ေ့ แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = $2$ (แ€›ှေ့แ€žုံးแ€›แ€€် แ€แ€်แ€‘ားแ€žော แ€žုံးแ€›ောแ€„် แ€•แ€š်)

แ€•แ€‰္แ€…แ€™แ€”ေ့ แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€กแ€›ေแ€กแ€ွแ€€် = $1$ (แ€แ€…်แ€›ောแ€„်แ€แ€Š်းแ€žာ แ€€ျแ€”်)

แ€…ုแ€…ုแ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š် แ€แ€်แ€†แ€„်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း = $5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1 = 120$ ways

แ€‘ို့แ€€ြောแ€„့် แ€…ုแ€…ုแ€•ေါแ€„်း แ€›ွေးแ€ျแ€š် แ€แ€်แ€†แ€„်แ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း = $5!$ ways



Example (1)

There are four roads from town $A$ to town $B$, and three roads from town $B$ to town $C$. How many different ways are there to travel by road from $A$ to $B$ to $C$?

$A$ แ€™ှ $B$ แ€žို့ แ€žွားแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€œแ€™်းแ€œေးแ€žွแ€š်แ€›ှိแ€•ြီး၊ $B$ แ€™ှ $C$ แ€žို့ แ€žွားแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€œแ€™်းแ€žုံးแ€žွแ€š် แ€›ှိแ€œျှแ€„် $A$ แ€™ှ $B$ แ€€ို แ€–ြแ€်แ€•ြီး $C$ แ€žို့ แ€žွားแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€œแ€™်းแ€€ြောแ€„်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှ แ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။



$\therefore$ Number of ways to travel by road from $A$ to $B$ to $C$ = $4 \times 3 = 12$ ways.


Example (2)

An examination has ten questions in section A and four questions in section B. How many different ways are there to choose questions if you must:

(a) choose one question from each section?

(b) choose a question from either section A or section B?

แ€…ာแ€™ေးแ€•ွဲแ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်း แ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€ွแ€„် section A ၌ แ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်း (แแ€)แ€•ုแ€’်แ€•ါแ€แ€„်แ€•ြီး section B ၌ แ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်း (แ„)แ€•ုแ€’် แ€•ါแ€แ€„်แ€žော်

(a) แ€กแ€•ိုแ€„်းแ€แ€…်แ€ုแ€™ှ แ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်း แ€แ€…်แ€•ုแ€’်แ€…ီ แ€–ြေแ€›แ€™แ€Š် แ€†ိုแ€œျှแ€„် แ€–ြေแ€†ိုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

(b) แ€”ှแ€…်แ€žแ€€်แ€›ာ แ€กแ€•ိုแ€„်းแ€™ှ แ€™ေးแ€ွแ€”်းแ€แ€…်แ€•ုแ€’်แ€žာ แ€–ြေแ€›แ€™แ€Š်แ€†ိုแ€œျှแ€„် แ€–ြေแ€†ိုแ€”ိုแ€„်แ€žော แ€”แ€Š်းแ€œแ€™်း แ€™แ€Š်แ€™ျှแ€›ှိแ€žแ€”แ€Š်း။

(a)     choosing one question from section A = 10 ways

          choosing one question from section B = 4 ways

$\quad\quad \text{choosing one question from each section}$

$\quad= \text{choosing one question each from section}$

$\quad\quad A\ \text{AND section}\ B$

$\quad= 10 \times 4 $

$\quad= 40\ \text{ways.} $

$\text{(b) choosing a question from either section}$

$\quad\quad A\ \text{OR section}\ B= 10 + 4 = 14\ \text{ways.}$


Example (3)

Find the unit digit of $1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + … + 10!$.

For $n\ge 5, n!$ cotains a factor $(5\times 2)$ or $10$.

Thus, For $n\ge 5$, n! is a multiple of $10$ and its unit digit is always $0$.                                                                                                   

$\therefore \quad$ the unit digit of $1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + … + 10!$

$\quad = $ the unit digit of $1! + 2! + 3! + 4!$

$\quad = $ the unit digit of the sum $1 + 2 + 6 + 4 $

$\quad = 3$



EXERCISES

1.          If there are 10 ways of doing $A, 3$ ways of doing $B$ and 19 ways of doing $C$, how many ways are there of doing

(a) (i) both $A$ and $B ?$ (ii) both $B$ and $C ?$

(b) (i) either $A$ or $B ?$ (ii) either $A$ or $C ?$

2.          If there are 4 ways of doing $A, 7$ ways of doing $B$ and 5 ways of doing $C$, how many ways are there of doing

(a) all of $A, B$ and $C ?$

(b) exactly one of $A, B$ or $C ?$

3.          How many different paths are there

(a) from $A$ to $C ?$

(b) from $C$ to $E ?$

(c) from $A$ to $E ?$


4.          There are five roads from town $A$ to town $B$, and two roads from town $B$ to town $C$. In how many different ways can you travel by road from $A$ to $B$ to $C ?$

5.          Find $x,$ if $\displaystyle\frac{x}{5 !}+\displaystyle\frac{x}{6 !}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{7 !}$.


6.          Simplify $\displaystyle\frac{(2 n) !}{n !}$.

7.          If the product of factorials of $n$ consecutive positive integers be a single-digit number, find the maximum value of $n$.

8.          If the sum of the factorials of $N$ consecutive natural numbers be a three-digit number, find the maximum value of $N$.

9.          Find the number of positive integral solutions of $x+y=10$.


10.          A question paper has two sections $A$ and $B$ respectively. Section $A$ has 7 questions whereas section $B$ has 6 questions, respectively. In how many ways a student can attempt for a single question either from section $A$ or section $B ?$